Important New Decisions - May 16, 2011

In Determining Parents' Respective Obligations Towards Cost of College, a Court Should Not Take into Account Any College Loans for Which the Student Is Responsible

In Matter of Yorke v Yorke, --- N.Y.S.2d ----, 2011 WL 1499108 (N.Y.A.D. 2 Dept.) the parties were the parents of a child who was a college student beginning in the Fall 2007 semester. By orders dated October 16, 2007, and December 20, 2007, respectively, the father was directed to pay 83% of the college tuition for the child prior to March 2009, and 82% of the tuition for the child subsequent to March 2009. Those orders provided that the father was not responsible for contributing towards the child's room and board at college. In 2009 the mother commenced a proceeding, alleging that the father had failed to contribute the required amount to college tuition for the five semesters from Fall 2007 through and including Fall 2009. Family Court issued an order dated March 29, 2010, in which that court determined the father's obligation for college costs for the child and found that the father was entitled to a credit in the sum of $3,407. In the order the Family Court deducted financial aid, including "Stafford" loans, prior to determining the father's share of college costs for the child. The Appellate Division held that in determining the parents' respective obligations towards the cost of college, a court should not take into account any college loans for which the student is responsible. Therefore, any loans for which the child is responsible should not have been deducted from the college costs prior to determining the father's pro rata share of those costs. Here, the record did not indicate whether the child was responsible for repayment of the Stafford loans reflected on the statements from the college. Accordingly, the matter was remitted to the Family Court for clarification of this matter. In addition, the Family Court erred in applying the total amount of scholarships, grants, and student loans for which the child was not responsible ( financial aid). First, the Family Court should have calculated the total cost of attending college, including tuition, and room and board. Next, it should have determined the percentage of that total cost which was covered by financial aid. That percentage should then have been applied to the tuition portion. Finally, the father's share of the net tuition, after deducting the pro rata financial aid, should have been calculated based upon his percentage of responsibility . For example, if tuition is $12,000 and room and board is $8,000, totaling $20,000, and financial aid is $15,000, or 75% of the total college cost, the net tuition after pro rata financial aid would be $3,000. The father's pro rata tuition obligation should then be applied to that amount to determine his contribution to tuition. Accordingly, the matter was remitted to the Family Court for recalculation of the father's obligation to contribute towards college costs.

No Reduction of Child Support Arrears Accrued Prior to the Making of Application for Modification Even Where Noncustodial Parent Establishes His Income Is less than Poverty Income Guidelines Amount

In Matter of Fisher v Nathan, --- N.Y.S.2d ----, 2011 WL 1499660 (N.Y.A.D. 2 Dept.), the Appellate Division held that Family Court properly denied the father's objection to the order of the Judicial Hearing Officer, which denied his motion for a temporary downward modification of his obligation to pay arrears for his daughter's college expenses. Although child support arrears cease to accrue above the sum of $500 where a noncustodial parent can establish that his or her income is less than or equal to poverty income guidelines amount for a single person, as reported by the United States Department of Health and Human Services (see Family Ct Act 413[1][g] ), a "modification, set aside or vacatur [of a child support obligation set forth in a judgment or order] shall not reduce or annul child support arrears accrued prior to the making of an application pursuant to this section" (Family Ct Act 451). "In that regard, contrary to the father's claim, child support arrears may not be reduced or annulled even where the defaulting party shows good cause for failing to make an application for relief from the judgment or order of support prior to the accrual of arrears or where requiring the party to pay the arrears will result in a grievous injustice" (Matter of Mandelowitz v. Bodden, 68 AD3d 871, 875; see Matter of Dox v. Tynan, 90 N.Y.2d 166, 173-174). Here, the father failed to establish that any decline in business sustained by his solo law practice as a result of his illness left him below the Federal poverty income guidelines. Accordingly, his obligation for child support arrears continued to accrue, and there is no basis in law to adjust or reduce his obligation to pay child support arrears.

Direction in Judgment to Pay "One-half of the Mortgage and Real Estate Charges of the Marital Residence and Half of the Cost of Any Repair to the Home in Excess of $750.00" Constituted an Improper Open-ended Obligation

In Mosso v Mosso--- N.Y.S.2d ----, 2011 WL 1733948 (N.Y.A.D. 2 Dept.) defendant appealed from so much of a judgment of the Supreme Court as (1) imputed an annual income to him of $52,000 for the purpose of calculating his child support obligations, (2) directed him to pay $1,160 per month in child support retroactive to the date of the commencement of the action, (3) directed him to pay one-half of the mortgage and real estate tax charges of the marital residence and half the cost of any repair to the home in excess of $750, (4) directed him to pay 100% of a $30,000 home equity loan on the marital residence, (5) awarded the plaintiff $13,777 from certain bank accounts, and (6) awarded the plaintiff exclusive use and occupancy of the marital residence until the last of the parties' children reaches majority. The Appellate Divison held that Supreme Court did not improvidently exercise its discretion in it imputing an annual income to the defendant of $52,000 for the purpose of calculating his child support obligations. However, in calculating the child support award, the Supreme Court's direction that the defendant pay both child support and half of the carrying charges on the marital residence resulted in an improper double shelter allowance. The matter was remitted to the Supreme Court to recalculate the child support award ‘taking into account the shelter costs incurred by the defendant in providing housing to the plaintiff and the minor children". It held that Supreme Court also improperly awarded retroactive child support to August 1, 2007, the date of the commencement of the action, since the plaintiff did not request child support until she filed an amended complaint on August 27, 2007. It directed that since an award of child support may be made "effective as of the date of the application therefor" (Domestic Relations Law 236[B][7][a] ), on remittal, the Supreme Court's new child support award should be made retroactive to August 27, 2007. It found the defendant's contention that the plaintiff was not entitled to any retroactive child support because she later withdrew her amended complaint was without merit. The record established that the amended complaint was withdrawn solely to relinquish a cause of action for divorce on the ground of cruel and inhuman treatment, and that the plaintiff's request for child support was intended to remain a part of the action. In addition, the matter had to be remitted to the Supreme Court because the Supreme Court's directive that the defendant pay "one-half of the mortgage and real estate charges of the marital residence and half of the cost of any repair to the home in excess of $750.00" constituted an improper open-ended obligation (citing 22 NYCRR subtitle D, Ch III, subchapter B0. The direction to pay for repairs and other maintenance should state a maximum monthly or yearly amount. The Appellate Divison held that Supreme Court also improvidently exercised its discretion in directing that the defendant be 100% responsible for repayment of a $30,000 loan drawn on a home equity line of credit. Expenses incurred prior to the commencement of a divorce action constitute marital debt and should be equally shared by the parties. Although the defendant should be solely responsible for repaying $10,000 of this loan, which he used to pay his attorney's fees, the burden of repaying the remaining $20,000 should be shared by the parties since this debt was incurred during the marriage and the evidence at trial failed to establish a compelling reason why the defendant should bear the cost of repayment alone. The Appellate Division held that Supreme Court did not err in granting the plaintiff and the parties' children the exclusive use and occupancy of the marital residence until the youngest child reaches the age of 18. Exclusive possession of the marital residence is usually granted to the spouse who has custody of the minor children of the marriage. In making this determination, the need of the custodial parent to occupy the marital residence is weighed against the financial need of the parties. The evidence at trial established that the parties were capable of maintaining the marital residence and that suitable comparable housing could not be obtained at a lesser cost than the cost to maintain the marital residence. Further, the defendant failed to establish an immediate need for his share of the proceeds of the sale of the marital residence. The defendant failed to meet his burden of establishing that certain assets in a bank account, acquired during the marriage, were not marital property subject to equitable distribution. Accordingly, the Supreme Court properly provided for the equitable distribution of those funds.

Must be Sufficient Evidence to Support Interim Counsel Fee Award for Services Previously Rendered

In Mimran v Mimran, --- N.Y.S.2d ----, 2011 WL 1496465 (N.Y.A.D. 1 Dept.) Supreme Court directed defendant to pay plaintiff $200,000 as interim counsel fees. The Appellate Division reversed. It held that regardless of whether plaintiff otherwise made a sufficient showing to support an award of interim counsel fees defendant was correct that neither plaintiff nor her counsel provided adequate documentation of the amount of fees already paid, the amount required for experts, the dates and nature of the services previously rendered, or the number of hours of work to be performed. Thus, there was insufficient evidence to support an award for outstanding fees already incurred and no basis upon which an appropriate prospective fee award could be determined.

Agreement Provision for Full Indemnification of Attorneys' Fees in Enforcement Proceedings must Be Enforced

In Colyer v Colyer,--- N.Y.S.2d ----, 2011 WL 1496486 (N.Y.A.D. 1 Dept.) upon granting plaintiff's motion for an order compelling defendant to pay college and medical expenses of the parties' daughter, Supreme Court awarded plaintiff $20,000 in attorneys' fees. The Appellate Division increased the attorneys' fees to $54,467.50 and otherwise affirmed. It noted that Plaintiff's entitlement to attorneys' fees in connection with the instant proceeding arose from the parties' separation agreement, which provided for defendant's full indemnification of fees if he defaulted on his obligation to pay the daughter's college expenses and certain medical expenses and it became necessary for plaintiff to bring proceedings to enforce his obligations. Thus, plaintiff was entitled to collect the full amount of her attorneys' fees in connection with the successful enforcement proceeding. Although defendant complained generally about the reasonableness of the total amount of attorneys' fees sought, he did not contend that any amounts should be excluded as unrelated to the successful portion of the application. Thus, there was no basis for reducing the total amount, which was $45,270.

Liberal Policy to Vacate Default Judgment in Matrimonial Cases Where Meritorious Position with Respect to Ancillary Issues

In Osman v Osman, --- N.Y.S.2d ----, 2011 WL 1601891 (N.Y.A.D. 2 Dept.) the Appellate Division held that Supreme Court improvidently exercised its discretion in denying the defendant's motion to vacate her default in appearing for a trial on the ancillary economic issues attendant to the parties' divorce. Although a party seeking to vacate a default must establish a reasonable excuse for the default and a potentially meritorious cause of action or defense, the courts of this state have adopted a liberal policy toward vacating defaults in matrimonial actions. In matrimonial actions, "[t]he State's interest in the marital res and allied issues ... favor[s] dispositions on the merits". The record revealed that the defendant former wife was taken directly from court to the hospital by ambulance on December 15, 2009, where she underwent medical tests, including a chest x-ray and EKG, before being released with a diagnosis of anxiety. Under these circumstances, it found that the wife's claim that the anxiety attack she suffered on December 15, 2009, caused her to misapprehend the Supreme Court's instructions as to the time she was required to return to court the next day, constituted a reasonable excuse for her failure to appear on the morning of December 16, 2009. Furthermore, the parties had been married for 27 years at the time of the commencement of the action, and the plaintiff former husband allegedly was the primary wage earner throughout the marriage. Thus, the wife had a potentially meritorious position with respect to all ancillary economic issues, including maintenance, which were resolved after the inquest held upon her default.

Appeal Dismissed for Failure to Include All Transcripts of Proceedings

In Kociubinski v Kociubinski,--- N.Y.S.2d ----, 2011 WL 1631591 (N.Y.A.D. 2 Dept.) the Appellate Division pointed out that it is the obligation of the appellant to assemble a proper record on appeal, which must include any relevant transcripts of proceedings before the Supreme Court. The record must contain all of the relevant papers that were before the Supreme Court, including the transcript, if any, of the proceedings. Here, the plaintiff appealed from an order and judgment of the Supreme Court which, inter alia, granted the defendant's motion, after a hearing, for an award of child support arrears pursuant to the parties' judgment of divorce and stipulation of settlement. However, the plaintiff's failure to provide this Court with the full hearing transcript renders the record on appeal inadequate to enable the Court to reach an informed decision on the merits and, thus, the appeal was dismissed.

Important New Decisions - April 25, 2011

Plaintiff's Self-serving Declaration Is All That Required for the Dissolution on Irretrievably Broken Ground

In AC v DR, --- N.Y.S.2d ----, 2011 WL 1137739 (N.Y.Sup.) on a prior motion to the court, in which the husband sought full consolidation of Action 1 and Action 2, the wife sought joinder of the actions for trial, without consolidation, so that she could pursue the benefits of the newly enacted matrimonial legislation available to all actions commenced after October 12, 2010. By decision and order dated January 18, 2011, the court directed that Action 1 and Action 2 be joined for trial and discovery. In Action 2, the wife moved to partake in the benefits of the new matrimonial legislation and sought pendente lite maintenance and counsel fees as well as partial summary judgment on grounds (DRL 170[7] ) under the new law. The Court observed that the newly enacted matrimonial legislation, effective October 12, 2010, provides a new no-fault ground for divorce, DRL 170(7), as follows: (7) The relationship between husband and wife has broken down irretrievably for a period of at least six months, provided that one party has so stated under oath ... Citing a Massachusetts case the Supreme Court concluded that the decision that a marriage is irretrievably broken need not be based on any objectifiable fact. It is sufficient that one or both of the parties subjectively decide that their marriage is over and there is no hope for reconciliation (Citing Caffyn v. Caffyn 441 Mass. 487, 806 N.E.2d 415 [2004] ). It concluded that a plaintiff's self-serving declaration about his or her state of mind is all that is required for the dissolution of a marriage on grounds that it is irretrievably broken. It asserted that the conclusion, that it is sufficient that a party subjectively decide that their marriage is over, finds support in the reasoning of other courts. (citing In re Marriage of Walton, 28 Cal.App.3d 108, 117 [1972]; Joy v. Joy, 178 Conn. 254, 255 [1979]; Mattson v. Mattson, 375 A.2d 473, 475 [Me. 1977]; Matter of the Marriage of Dunn, 13 Or.App. 497, 501-502, n. 1 [1973] Caffyn v. Caffyn, supra, n. 17 ). In the court's view, the Legislature did not intend nor is there a defense to DRL 170(7). Nevertheless, while the court would ordinarily grant partial summary judgment to movant, where there are no defenses and no triable issues of fact, the court pointed out that the new legislation directs that "no judgment of divorce shall be granted under this subdivision unless and until the economic issues of equitable distribution of marital property, the payment or waiver of spousal support, the payment of child support, the payment of counsel and experts; fees and expenses as well as the custody and visitation with the infant children of the marriage have been resolved by the parties, or determined by the court and incorporated into the judgment of divorce". (DRL 170 [7] ). It noted that it had been the practice of the Part, when deemed appropriate, to hold bifurcated trials with respect to grounds for the purpose of disposing of fault issues so, if a divorce was granted, the court could concentrate its resources on equitable distribution. If a divorce was not granted, issues of support and custody, as well as related issues, always remained before the court. This was in aid of judicial economy. Yet, even in those cases where a divorce was granted, the court always held entry of judgment in abeyance pending determination of all other issues, as now set forth in detail in the new legislation. Since the new legislation directs that a judgment of divorce may not be "granted " when the cause of action is predicated on the no-fault ground until all the financial issues are complete, the court concluded that a motion for partial summary judgment cannot be granted nor can a bifurcated trial be held with respect to DRL 170(7). To continue this practice would allow fault trials on one party's claim to advance in time against the other party's no-fault claim. Moreover, since there is no defense to the no-fault ground, no judicial economy would be served by having a bifurcated trial on fault grounds, the only purpose of which was to determine whether a divorce would be granted in the first instance, and a divorce would be granted in this case provided the matter proceeds to its expected conclusion. Therefore, the wife's motion for partial summary judgment was denied, and that portion of the court's previous order, dated January 18, 2011, that directed a bifurcated trial on fault grounds was sua sponte recalled and vacated.

Anglo-American Custom to Give Child the Father's Name Is Not an Objection to Hyphenated Name

In Matter of Eberhardt, --- N.Y.S.2d ----, 2011 WL 1206136 (N.Y.A.D. 2 Dept.), 2011 the mother petitioned the Supreme Court for permission to change the child's surname by hyphenating the father's surname with the mother's surname. The impetus for the change was the mother's use of both parties' surnames on the child's application for a passport. The father, before signing the application, redacted the mother's surname. The mother reinserted her surname and filed the application, leading the father, once he saw the child's passport, to contact federal officials and ask that the passport reflect her legal name. The Appellate Division observed that to the extent the father's objection was based on traditional values, meaning that it is Anglo-American custom to give a child the father's name, the objection was not reasonable, because neither parent has a superior right to determine the surname of the child (citing Swank v. Petkovsek, 216 A.D.2d 920; Matter of Bell v. Bell, 116 A.D.2d 97, 99; Matter of Cohan v. Cunningham, 104 A.D.2d 716; Rio v. Rio, 132 Misc.2d at 319).

Family Court May Prohibit Mother from Telling Child That Any Man Other than the Father Is Child's Biological Father

In Matter of Buxenbaum v Fulmer, --- N.Y.S.2d ----, 2011 WL 1206140 (N.Y.A.D. 2 Dept.) the Appellate Division held that the Family Court's determination that there had been a change in circumstances since the issuance of the prior order of custody and visitation dated January 28, 2008, and that it was in the child's best interests to award sole custody to the father, was supported by a sound and substantial basis in the record. It held that Family Court properly took judicial notice of the order of filiation entered on consent. The Family Court's determination that the mother could not testify, in rebuttal to the admission of the order of filiation, that she had lacked the capacity to consent to the order of filiation, was not an improvident exercise of discretion (see Matter of Lane v. Lane, 68 AD3d 995, 997). The Family Court providently exercised its discretion in prohibiting the mother from telling the child that any man other than the father is the child's biological father (citing Matter of Powell v. Blumenthal, 35 AD3d 615, 617).

Error For Supreme Court to Disregard Parties Stipulation

In Aloi v Simoni, 918 N.Y.S.2d 506 (2 Dept 2011) the Appellate Division observed that where the determination as to equitable distribution has been made after a nonjury trial, the trial court's assessment of the credibility of witnesses is afforded great weight on appeal. It held that Supreme Court erred in disregarding the parties' stipulation that the appreciation in the value of the plaintiff's retirement account during the course of the marriage was the sum of $25,189. The plaintiff was entitled to 50% of the sum of the appreciation of the parties' respective retirement accounts (50% of $450,115 + $25,189 = $237,652). In calculating the amount to be paid to the plaintiff, the defendant was entitled to a credit of the appreciation remaining in the plaintiff's account ($25,189). Accordingly, the amended judgment had to be modified to direct the defendant to pay the plaintiff the sum of $212,463. The Supreme Court also erred in failing to award interest on the plaintiff's distributive award from the date of the decision until the entry of the judgment, and from the entry of the judgment to the date of payment. In exercising its discretionary power to award an attorney's fee, the court may consider, among other things, "whether either party has engaged in conduct or taken positions resulting in a delay of the proceedings or unnecessary litigation" Here, there was a significant economic disparity between the defendant and the plaintiff, and the complexity of the defendant's business endeavors, as well as the defendant's uncooperativeness with discovery and with sorting out his financial affairs, greatly contributed to the high cost of the litigation. Under these circumstances, it was appropriate to award the plaintiff one half of her total counsel fees, which, after crediting the defendant for his payment of interim counsel fees, amounted to $81,103.

Needs of a Child must Take Precedence over the Terms of the Agreement Where Needs Not Met

In Duggan v Duggan, --- N.Y.S.2d ----, 2011 WL 1331920 (N.Y.A.D. 2 Dept.), the father, and the mother entered into stipulation of settlement on February 26, 2009, to end their marriage. They had four children. The stipulation noted that the father's annual gross income was $475,000, whereas the mother had no income. It further noted that, according to the child support percentage calculation provided in the Child Support Standards Act the father's monthly child support obligation would be $11,929.54. The parties, however, agreed to deviate from this calculation, and set the father's monthly child support obligation at $8,000. The mother filed a petition seeking child support arrears. At the ensuing hearing, the husband stated that his yearly income had dropped from $475,000 to $466,757, and he argued that, pursuant to the language in the stipulation, this decrease in income entitled him to an 80 percent decrease in his child support payments, to $1,600 per month. In a fact-finding order dated April 21, 2010, the Family Court denied the father's motion to dismiss the petition, holding that his interpretation of the stipulation was "not plausible." The same court issued an order on the same day, in which it directed the father to pay the mother child support arrears in the sum of $19,200. The father filed objections, and the Family Court denied the objections in an order dated June 14, 2010. The Family Court held that the language of the stipulation, as interpreted by the father, would violate the CSSA, and was against the best interests of the children. The Appellate Divison held that Family Court was without jurisdiction to modify the terms of a separation agreement absent a showing of an unanticipated and unreasonable change in circumstances, which the father had not alleged here (citing Kleila v. Kleila, 50 N.Y.2d 277). But the Family Court does have the authority to interpret and enforce the provisions of a separation agreement.. It pointed out that "When interpreting a contract, such as a separation agreement, the court should arrive at a construction that will give fair meaning to all of the language employed by the parties to reach a practical interpretation of the expressions of the parties so that their reasonable expectations will be realized" (Matter of Schiano v. Hirsch, 22 AD3d at 502). But "the needs of a child must take precedence over the terms of the agreement when it appears that the best interests of the child are not being met" (Matter of Gravlin, 98 N.Y.2d 1, 5). Thus, the Family Court had the authority to find that a provision in a stipulation of settlement violates the CSSA. The stipulation here provided that, according to the child support percentage calculation provided in the CSSA, the father's monthly child support obligation would be $11,929.54 per month. But the parties agreed to deviate from this calculation, on the grounds that it was in the best interests of the children and that the children's needs would be met, and set the father's monthly child support obligation at the sum of $8,000 per month. The father now sought to use the provision at issue to lower his child support obligation--for four children--to $1,600 per month, or 13% of the presumptive support level based on the CSSA. He sought to do this because his income dropped by 1.7%--from $475,000 per year to $466,757 per year. The Appellate Division concluded that Family Court properly found that this was against the best interests of the children.

Not Reversible Error to Deny Party’s Right to Make Opening Statement

In Matter of Sagese v Steinmetz, --- N.Y.S.2d ----, 2011 WL 1306419 (N.Y.A.D. 3 Dept.) Petitioner (father) and respondent (mother) were the parents of a daughter (born in 2004). The mother also had another child. In 2006, the parties consented to an order which granted them joint legal and physical custody of the child. In April 2009, based on allegations that there was a drug overdose in the residence where the mother resided, the father commenced a modification proceeding seeking sole custody of the child. In response, the mother filed a family offense petition and criminal complaint against the father alleging that the father struck her on the mouth during an argument. The father was subsequently arrested for assault, at which time he was found to be in possession of marihuana. The assault charge was later adjourned in contemplation of dismissal and the father paid a fine for the marihuana violation. In August 2009, Family Court issued a temporary order of custody providing that the parties share joint legal custody of the children, that the children reside with the paternal grandfather and, based on the father's marihuana conviction, that he submit to a chemical dependency evaluation. The resulting evaluation, based in part on a positive drug screen, diagnosed the father with cannabis abuse and recommended treatment. After a fact-finding hearing, Family Court awarded the parties joint legal custody of the children. Family Court further ordered that the father successfully complete chemical dependency treatment. The Appellate Divison rejected the father’ argument that Family Court committed reversible error by denying the father the right to present an opening statement. While a party to a civil proceeding has the right to make an opening statement (see CPLR 4016 [a]; De Vito v. Katsch, 157 A.D.2d 413, 415 [1990] ), it found that Family Court's error did not require reversal since the court was fully familiar with the facts of the case, the parties and their respective arguments through the numerous court appearances during the year prior to trial (citing Lohmiller v. Lohmiller, 140 A.D.2d 497, 497 [1988] ). The court held that Family Court did not err in ordering the father to attend substance abuse treatment. So long as a party's right to access to his or her child is not conditioned on participation in, or completion of, counseling, Family Court may, as part of its visitation or custody order, direct a party to obtain substance abuse treatment or counseling if such treatment or counseling will serve the children's best interests. In this regard, evidence of a party's continuous use of an illegal drug is certainly relevant to a determination of whether substance abuse treatment for the parent is in the children's best interests. Here, the father had already been convicted of the violation of unlawful possession of marihuana and, at the fact-finding hearing, he admitted to smoking marihuana "no more than once or twice per week" and during the pendency of his custody proceeding. While Family Court found the father to be a good parent, it did not find his testimony--that he did not purchase the drug, keep it in his home or use it in the presence of the children--to be credible. Family Court was also unpersuaded that the father's routine use of marihuana--which the record reflected could affect a person's judgment, memory and problem-solving ability--posed no risk to the children. Finally, to the extent that the father argued that treatment would create a financial burden, the record reflected that costs are based on ability to pay and the father was eligible to apply for Medicaid benefits, which would completely cover the costs of treatment.

Not Error to Suspend Child Support Payment Where Child Not of Employable Age

In Dobies v Brefka, --- N.Y.S.2d ----, 2011 WL 1307284 (N.Y.A.D. 3 Dept.) Petitioner (father) and respondent (mother) were the unmarried parents of two children, Jaclyn (born in 1993) and Nikolas (born in 1995). In October 2008, the father commenced violation proceedings. Family Court, inter alia, granted the father sole physical and legal custody of Nikolas, terminated the father's child support obligations for Jaclyn, and suspended the father's child support obligations for Nikolas..The father claimed that a sufficient change in circumstance had occurred since entry of these prior orders based on, among other things, the mother's deliberate attempts to influence and disrupt the father's parenting time with the children. At the hearing of this matter, the father testified that he had not had any visitation with Jaclyn since March 2007 and has had no weekend parenting time with Nikolas between August 2008 and March 2009. The father recounted multiple examples of alienating behavior engaged in by the mother, including in the spring of 2007 when the mother refused to let Nikolas participate in visitation with the father because of inclement weather--despite the fact that both parties had already driven to the custody exchange point. The father also testified that, in 2007, the mother told Jaclyn that she did not have to participate in the spring break visit with the father. The father further testified that on two occasions--in April 2007 and at the commencement of Father's Day weekend in June 2007--when Jaclyn refused to participate in visitation with the father, the mother indicated that there was nothing she could do about it and that Jaclyn had a mind of her own. The father also testified that during an attempted exchange occurring in the summer of 2007 at a restaurant parking lot--an exchange that never occurred--the mother refused to transfer Nikolas' suitcase to the father's car and then laughed at the father and took a photograph of him with her cell phone while she walked inside the restaurant with the children. Family Court found the mother's explanations for her conduct insufficient and her "credibility to be seriously impaired and her testimony contradictory throughout the trial, particularly when she denied actively discouraging the children from having a relationship with their father." Thus, there was sufficient evidence in the record supporting the court's conclusion that the mother interfered in the father's relationship with the children, such that the father established the requisite change in circumstances. While a determination of the children's best interests must be based on a totality of the circumstances "[e]vidence that the custodial parent intentionally interfered with the noncustodial parent's relationship with the [children] is so inconsistent with the best interests of the [children] as to, per se, raise a strong probability that [the offending party] is unfit to act as custodial parent". The Appellate Divison held that Family Court did not err in terminating the father's child support obligation for Jaclyn and suspending the father's child support obligation for Nikolas. Child support payments may be suspended " '[w]here it can be established by the noncustodial parent that the custodial parent has unjustifiably frustrated the noncustodial parent's right of reasonable access' " (Usack v. Usack, 17 AD3d 736, 737-738 [2005] ). In addition, child support payments may be deemed forfeited when "a child of employable age ... actively abandons the noncustodial parent by refusing all contact and visitation, without cause, ... a concept sometimes referred to as the doctrine of self-emancipation" (Labanowski v. Labanowski, 49 AD3d 1051, 1053 [2008] ). However, abandonment by a child who is not "of employable age" cannot be deemed to constitute constructive emancipation (Foster v. Daigle, 25 AD3d at 1004) Family Court's determination that the mother deliberately frustrated the father's relationship with Nikolas had a sound and substantial basis in the record. While it agreed with the mother that Jaclyn, who was only 16 years of age at the time of the court's order, was unable to abandon the father so as to forfeit his support obligation and, thus, Family Court erred in terminating the father's child support obligation as to her the facts clearly supported a finding that the father's support obligation should also be suspended with respect to Jaclyn based on the mother's conduct in deliberately frustrating his relationship with Jaclyn . Accordingly, the father's support obligations with respect to Jaclyn were suspended pending further court order upon a showing that the mother has made good faith efforts to actively encourage and restore the father's relationship with the children.

Husbands Claim of Extreme Hardship Rejected Where No Appreciable Change in Lifestyle.

In Taylor v Taylor, --- N.Y.S.2d ----, 2011 WL 1440992 (N.Y.A.D. 2 Dept.) the parties 2005 stipulation of settlement, which was incorporated but not merged into their divorce judgment, provided that the plaintiff would have custody of the children, and that the defendant would pay maintenance and child support in an agreed-upon amount. The stipulation also provided that the defendant waived his right to seek any downward modification of his maintenance obligation until August 1, 2012, "excluding an unforeseen, unanticipated catastrophic event, that so negatively impacts the Husband's health or earning capacity as to result in 'extreme hardship' to him as that term is set forth in [Domestic Relations Law] 236(B)(9)(b)." After the defendant lost his job at Bear Stearns in 2008 and was hired by Natixis, a French bank, the defendant moved for a downward modification of his maintenance and child support obligations. After a hearing, Supreme Court denied defendant's motion for a downward modification of his maintenance obligation. The Appellate Division observed that the evidence at the hearing showed that, although the economic downturn resulted in the defendant losing his job at Bear Stearns and earning a substantially smaller bonus in 2009 than he had received in previous years at Bear Stearns, the defendant's base salary and compensation plan at Natixis were similar to his base salary and compensation plan at Bear Stearns. Moreover, the evidence at the hearing showed that the economic downturn did not result in any appreciable change in the defendant's lifestyle. Accordingly, the defendant failed to demonstrate that continued enforcement of his obligation to pay maintenance under the parties' stipulation of settlement would create an "extreme hardship" .

Important New Decisions - April 18, 2011

Party Must Prevail on All Issues to Be Awarded Counsel Fee Pursuant to Agreement Provision

In Matter of Bederman v Bederman, --- N.Y.S.2d ----, 2011 WL 749719 (N.Y.A.D. 2 Dept.) the parties' stipulation of settlement which was incorporated but not merged into their judgment of divorce entered September 24, 2004, provided that in the event the parties agreed, or a court determined, that the parties' child should attend private preschool, elementary, or secondary school, the parties would proportionately share any educational expenses. The mother commenced a proceeding seeking reimbursement from the father for private school tuition and to direct the father to pay his proportionate share of religious education expenses. The Appellate Division fount that the record supported the Support Magistrate's findings that the father was not required to pay certain private school tuition payments for previous years which were gifts from the maternal grandmother, and that the father was not required to pay for religious education expenses under the terms of the parties' stipulation of settlement. The Support Magistrate also properly denied the mother's request to direct the father to pay his monthly child support through the Nassau County Support Collection Unit pursuant to Family Court Act 440(2). The stipulation of settlement provided for an alternate arrangement for the payment of child support in the form of direct payment to the mother unless the father defaulted in his child support payments and the record established that the father was not in arrears on his child support obligations. It also held that the mother was not entitled to an award of an attorney's fee, as she did not prevail on all issues (citing D'Amico v. D'Amico, 251 A.D.2d 616).

Court Cannot Issue a QDRO More Expansive or Encompassing Rights Not Provided in Underlying Stipulation

In Coulon v Coulon, --- N.Y.S.2d ----, 2011 WL 924351 (N.Y.A.D. 2 Dept.) the defendant appealed from so much of a Qualified Domestic Relations Order of the Supreme Court as designated the plaintiff as a surviving spouse under the pre-retirement and post-retirement survivor annuity provisions of his pension plan, and directed that she receive a share of such benefits in the event of his death. On the Court's own motion, the appellant's notice of appeal was treated as an application for leave to appeal, and leave to appeal was granted (see CPLR 5701[c] ). The Qualified Domestic Relations Order was reversed on the law and the matter was remitted to the Supreme Court for the entry of an amended Qualified Domestic Relations Order in accordance. The Appellate Division observed that a Qualified Domestic Relations Order entered pursuant to a stipulation of settlement can convey only those rights to which the parties stipulated as a basis for the judgment. Thus, a court cannot issue a QDRO more expansive or encompassing rights not provided in the underlying stipulation. Here, the parties' 1992 stipulation of settlement, which was incorporated but not merged in their judgment of divorce, provided for the plaintiff to receive a share of the defendant's pension in accordance with Majauskas v. Majauskas (61 N.Y.2d 481). However, "pension benefits and death benefits are two distinct matters" ( Kazel v. Kazel, 3 NY3d 331, 334), and a stipulation which is silent as to death benefits cannot be read to include an intent to include such benefits (McCoy v. Feinman, 99 N.Y.2d at 303). Since the parties' stipulation contained no provision entitling the plaintiff to be designated as a surviving spouse under the pre-retirement and post-retirement survivor annuity provisions of the defendant's pension plan and to receive a share of such benefits in the event of his death, it was error for the Supreme Court to include such a provision in the QDRO.

Decision Denying Mothers Request to Relocate with Children Reversed Where Family Court Did Not Give Appropriate Weight to Domestic Violence.

In Matter of Clarke v Boertlein, --- N.Y.S.2d ----, 2011 WL 924280 (N.Y.A.D. 2 Dept.), Family Court awarded the mother custody of the parties' three children, but denied her motion for permission to relocate with the parties' three children to Pennsylvania. The Appellate Divison reversed the order and granted her permission to relocate. The parties were the parents of three children, ages 10, 6, and 4. In August 2008 the mother removed the children from their home in Yaphank, New York, and moved to Bellefonte, Pennsylvania, where one of her sisters resided, allegedly to escape the father's domestic violence. The mother obtained an order of protection and temporary custody from a court in Pennsylvania. In November 2008 the mother reconciled with the father and returned with the children to New York, only to leave with the children again to Pennsylvania in April 2009. The father then commenced this proceeding in the Supreme Court (IDV Part), seeking custody of the children. The mother moved for an award of custody and permission to relocate with the children to Pennsylvania. After a hearing, the Supreme Court awarded the mother custody, but denied her request for permission to relocate with the children to Pennsylvania. The Appellate Divison pointed out that the disposition of a petition for permission to relocate with minor children rests upon a determination of the best interests of the children. Moreover, "[d]espite the multitude of factors that may properly be considered in the context of a relocation petition, the impact of the move on the relationship between the child[ren] and the noncustodial parent will remain a central concern" (Matter of Tropea v. Tropea, 87 N.Y.2d at 739). Upon its review of the record, it found that Supreme Court's determination to deny the mother permission to relocate with the children to Pennsylvania lacked a sound and substantial basis in the record. The record demonstrated that the mother had at all times served as the primary caregiver to the children and had displayed a continued commitment to their needs, whereas the father showed little involvement with the children when the parties lived together. The Supreme Court failed to give enough weight to the mother's allegations of domestic violence, often in the presence of the children, which permeated the parties' relationship and caused the mother to remove herself and the children from the parties' home. While the father denied that there was any domestic violence in the home, the Supreme Court noted that the father exhibited his temper during the course of the hearing when he left the witness stand while yelling at the mother's attorney. The father also admitted that he engaged in harassing and intimidating behavior after the mother left, such as calling the mother's cell phone numerous times each day, questioning the oldest child as to the mother's whereabouts, and placing a tracking device on the mother's car. Contrary to the Supreme Court's finding, the mother's move to Pennsylvania did not appear to have been motivated by bad faith but, rather, was an opportunity to escape domestic violence in the home, to reside in close proximity to supportive family members, and to secure affordable housing. The mother testified as to her unsuccessful attempts to obtain affordable housing on Long Island, and compared those attempts to her ability to secure a suitable rental home in Pennsylvania near where her sister resides with her family and the maternal grandmother. Testimony also revealed that the children were adapting well to their new surroundings, and were living with their half-brother in close proximity to their aunt and maternal grandmother, and that the two oldest children were attending school and receiving educational services. In contrast, the record suggested that the father opposed the relocation in order to harass the mother and in order to keep the mother in close proximity to facilitate his efforts to reconcile with her.

Divorce Based upon Cruelty Affirmed Where Husband Threatened to Kill Wife

In Siu Nam Wong Pun v Che Kwok Pun, --- N.Y.S.2d ----, 2011 WL 1046040 (N.Y.A.D. 1 Dept.) the Appellate Division affirmed an order which granted plaintiff a divorce on the grounds of cruelty. Plaintiff testified that during the marriage, defendant regularly lost his temper and yelled at her, verbally abused and demeaned her, and made disparaging remarks in response to her cancer diagnosis. She further testified that several years before she commenced this action, defendant choked her. In addition, she testified that he frequently yelled at her insisting that the family had to listen to him because he was the master of the household. Plaintiff recounted defendant's threat to kill her if she sought a divorce, and explained that she ultimately moved out because she feared defendant and was concerned for her safety. This testimony, portions of which were corroborated by the testimony of the parties' adult son, was sufficient to support the finding of cruel and inhuman treatment. Although plaintiff periodically returned to the marital residence after she moved out, she credibly explained that she did so to cook and clean the residence for her sons, who resided there. The lower court was not persuaded by defendant's claim that this behavior undermined plaintiff's contention that it was unsafe and improper for her to cohabit with defendant, and the Appellate Division agreed with that determination. Moreover, plaintiff testified that when she did return on occasion, defendant scolded and berated her.

Appellate Division Affirms Order Denying Counsel Fee to Attorney Who Agreed to Accept Litigation Assignment with No Guarantee of Compensation

In Moccia v Moccia, --- N.Y.S.2d ----, 2011 WL 1088033 (N.Y.A.D. 2 Dept.) the defendant wife in this divorce action was unable to afford counsel. The Supreme Court assigned the nonparty-appellant, Eric Ole Thorson (appellant), to represent the wife without compensation from her, "without prejudice to [a] motion by counsel for compensation pursuant to CPLR 1102(d), DRL Section 237, Judiciary Law Section 35 or as otherwise provided by law." The parties engaged in discovery, prepared for trial, and successfully negotiated a settlement agreement. The Supreme Court denied the appellant's motion for an award of an attorney's fee to be paid by the plaintiff husband. The Appellate Division affirmed. It pointed out that a court may award an attorney's fee in a divorce action to a spouse to enable that spouse to carry on or defend the action or proceeding as, in the court's discretion, justice requires, having regard to the circumstances of the case and of the respective parties (Domestic Relations Law s 237[a]). While the husband's income from the Yonkers Parking Authority was greater than the wife's income, his earnings were nevertheless modest and they were expended, in large part, on the wife and their children, as he paid, among other things, the mortgage and home equity loan, plus utilities on the marital home. In this regard, the Supreme Court properly considered the terms of the parties' settlement agreement and statements of net worth, which reflected the husband's income and expenses, limited assets, outstanding mortgage, the absence of savings, and debt to his own counsel, in determining that the parties' financial circumstances were "not that disparate so as to warrant an award of counsel fees." The Appellate Division commended any attorney who, as here, agrees to accept a litigation assignment with no guarantee of compensation, but held that the denial of an award of an attorney's fee in this case was not an improvident exercise of the Supreme Court's discretion. Judges Austin and Belen dissented.

Supreme Court Lacked Jurisdiction to Impose Obligations in the Amended Judgment upon the Nonparty-appellant Insurance Company

In Flangos v Flangos, --- N.Y.S.2d ----, 2011 WL 1088123 (N.Y.A.D. 2 Dept.) the Appellate Division held that Supreme Court lacked jurisdiction to impose obligations in the amended judgment upon the nonparty-appellant insurance company. A court has no power to grant relief against an entity not named as a party and not properly summoned before the court (Riverside Capital Advisors, Inc. v. First Secured Capital Corp., 28 AD3d 457, 460). Accordingly, the Supreme Court should have granted that branch of the nonparty-appellant's motion which was to vacate so much of the amended judgment as directed it to make certain payments. Similarly, the Supreme Court erred to the extent that it, sua sponte, in effect, amended a provision in the amended judgment directing the nonparty-appellant to give notice of stated proposed changes in the payments. Contrary to the plaintiff's contention, the amended judgment itself was not a proper income execution order under CPLR 5241, nor is it a proper income deduction order under CPLR 5242.

Supreme Court Erred in Directing Husband to Transfer to Wife Title to Property Owned by a Corporation over Which the Supreme Court Lacked Jurisdiction.

In Manning v Manning, --- N.Y.S.2d ----, 2011 WL 1088041 (N.Y.A.D. 2 Dept.) the Appellate Divison observed that in order to sustain a finding of civil contempt under Judiciary Law 753 based on a violation of a court order, it is necessary to establish by clear and convincing evidence that a lawful court order clearly expressing an unequivocal mandate was in effect, that the person alleged to have violated the order had actual knowledge of its terms, and that the violation has defeated, impaired, impeded, or prejudiced the rights of a party . Here, the evidence was sufficient to establish that the defendant knowingly disobeyed the Supreme Court's order directing him to pay an expert to ascertain the value of his business and also failed to comply with the pendente lite support order. Consequently, the Supreme Court properly adjudicated the defendant in contempt of court. It noted that a court is not required to rely upon a party's account of his or her finances in determining that party's income. It agreed with the defendant that the Supreme Court erred in directing him to transfer title to certain commercial real property to the plaintiff. The commercial property at issue was owned by a corporation over which the Supreme Court lacked jurisdiction.

Important New Decisions

Child Support Payments May Be Waived Prospectively

In Stevens v Stevens, --- N.Y.S.2d ----, 2011 WL 833962 (N.Y.A.D. 2 Dept.) the Appellate Division held that child support payments may be waived prospectively, before the obligation to make such payments has accrued (citing Matter of O'Connor v Curcio, 281 A.D.2d 100). The party claiming a waiver must come forward with evidence of a voluntary and intentional relinquishment of a known and otherwise enforceable right to child support. It agreed with the Supreme Court that while the evidence supported a finding that the plaintiff waived her right to child support for the parties' son, upon their agreement for the defendant to take physical custody of him, the plaintiff did not waive her right to child support for their daughter, who continued to live with her. It affirmed the order modifying the judgment by vacating the provision obligating him to pay child support for the parties' daughter.

Reimbursement Required Where One Party Pays Marital Debt

In Le v Le, --- N.Y.S.2d ----, 2011 WL 834198 (N.Y.A.D. 2 Dept.) Supreme Court awarded custody of the parties' three children to the plaintiff, awarded the plaintiff a two-thirds share of the proceeds of the sale of the marital residence with a credit for "the difference between the princip[al] balance of the mortgage as of March 22, 2007 and the amount due at closing, ... after payment of closing costs and joint liens, as long as there are monies available from the proceeds," directed that the plaintiff was not required to pay maintenance to the defendant for the months that he resided in the marital residence, and awarded the plaintiff child support in the sum of $50 per month and arrears totaling $988.33. The Appellate Division held that the plaintiff was entitled to receive a credit against the proceeds of the sale of the marital residence for the money that she paid to reduce the balance of the mortgage during the pendency of the divorce action. She made these payments without any contribution from the defendant. Where, as here, a party has paid the other party's share of what proves to be marital debt, such as the mortgage, taxes, and insurance on the marital residence, reimbursement is required. However, the plaintiff was entitled to only a 50% of the reduction in mortgage principal because generally it is the responsibility of both parties to maintain the marital residence during the pendency of a matrimonial action. Therefore, the Supreme Court improvidently exercised its discretion in awarding the plaintiff a credit for 100% of the payments she made on the marital residence during the divorce proceedings.

Not Error to Exclude Parents from Courtroom During Child's Testimony in Neglect Case Where Attorney Present.

In the Matter of Deshawn D.O. --- N.Y.S.2d ----, 2011 WL 668113 (N.Y.A.D. 2 Dept.), the Appellate Division affirmed an order which found that the appellants neglected the subject child. The evidence established that the appellants engaged in a pattern of conduct which included the infliction of excessive corporal punishment, domestic violence in the child's presence, and punishment of the child by, inter alia, restricting his food intake and making him sleep on the floor. As a result, the child ran away from home numerous times, was afraid and refused to return home, and was so frustrated that he felt he might hurt himself or someone else. The petitioner established by a preponderance of the evidence that the child's physical and emotional condition was impaired, or was in imminent danger of becoming impaired, as a result of the appellants' conduct. The record demonstrated that the Family Court did not err in excluding the appellants from the courtroom during the child's testimony. Under the circumstances, the Family Court properly balanced the respective interests of the parties and reasonably concluded that the child would suffer emotional trauma if compelled to testify in the appellants' presence (citing Matter of Q.-L.H., 27 A.D.3d 738, 815 N.Y.S.2d 601). Because the appellants' attorneys were present during the child's testimony and cross-examined him on the appellants' behalf, the appellants' constitutional rights were not violated by their exclusion from the courtroom.

Challenge to Child Support in Surviving Stipulation Must Be By Plenary Action

In Brody v Brody, --- N.Y.S.2d ----, 2011 WL 834544 (N.Y.A.D. 2 Dept.) The Appellate Divison affirmed an order motion which denied the former wife’s motion to set aside the child support provisions of a stipulation of settlement entered into by the parties on September 13, 2002, which was incorporated but not merged into the judgment of divorce, on the ground that those provisions did not comply with Domestic Relations Law s 240(1-b)(h), and to recalculate child support de novo. It held a postjudgment motion in a matrimonial action is not the proper vehicle for challenging the propriety of child support provisions contained in a stipulation of settlement incorporated but not merged into a judgment of divorce. A challenge to such a stipulation must be made by the commencement of a separate plenary action to set aside the stipulation.

Validity of Same Sex Canadian Marriage Upheld

In re Estate of Ranftle,--- N.Y.S.2d ----, 2011 WL 650739 (N.Y.A.D. 1 Dept.) Surrogate's Court issued an opinion finding that respondent was "decedent's surviving spouse and sole distributee" (EPTL 4- 1.1) and thus, citation of the probate proceeding need not issue to anyone under SCPA 1403(1)(a). The court found that the decedent's same-sex marriage to respondent was valid under the laws of Canada, where it was performed, and did not fall into either of the two exceptions to the marriage recognition rule, as the marriage was not affirmatively prohibited or proscribed by natural law. Accordingly, the Surrogate's Court found that the marriage was entitled to recognition. Appellant petitioned the Surrogate's Court for vacatur of the probate decree and permission to file objections, alleging that the court was without jurisdiction to grant probate without citation having been issued on the decedent's surviving siblings. Appellant argued that the recognition of the decedent's same-sex marriage violated public policy in New York and that he should have been cited in the probate proceeding and provided with an opportunity to file objections thereto as a distributee. In denying the instant petition, the Surrogate found that appellant's position that same-sex marriage violated public policy had been "specifically addressed and rejected by the Appellate Division in Martinez v. County of Monroe (50 AD3d 189 [2008], lv dismissed 10 NY3d 856 [2008] ) and is patently without merit." The Appellate Division agreed. It observed that New York's long-settled marriage recognition rule affords comity to out-of-state marriages and "recognizes as valid a marriage considered valid in the place where celebrated". This rule does not extend such recognition where the foreign marriage is "contrary to the prohibitions of natural law or the express prohibitions of a statute". Same-sex marriage does not fall within either of the two exceptions to the marriage recognition rule. The failure of the Legislature to enact a bill affords the most dubious foundation for drawing positive inferences. Thus, the Legislature's failure to authorize same-sex couples to enter into marriage in New York or require recognition of validly performed out-of-state same-sex marriages, cannot serve as an expression of public policy for the State. In the absence of an express statutory prohibition legislative action or inaction does not qualify as an exception to the marriage recognition rule.


Family Court Abused its Discretion in Awarding the Father Sole Legal Custody of the Child, Relief He Did Not Request.

In Matter of Joseph A. v Jaimy B, --- N.Y.S.2d ----, 2011 WL 651298 (N.Y.A.D. 3 Dept.), the parties, who never married, had a son (born in 2004). Pursuant to an order of custody entered in November 2009, the parties were awarded joint legal custody of their son with primary physical custody to respondent (mother), and petitioner (father) having parenting time. As is relevant to this case, the order provided that for the Christmas holiday, the father was granted parenting time with the child from 3:00 P.M. on December 23 until 3:00 P.M. on Christmas eve, and the mother was granted parenting time with the child from 3:00 P.M. on Christmas eve until 3:00 P.M. on Christmas day during even-numbered years, and the reverse would occur during odd-numbered years. Less than one month after the November 2009 order was entered, a physical altercation occurred between the parties on Christmas day, as a result of which the father filed a police report and obtained an order of protection. He also commenced this modification proceeding seeking physical custody of the child. The mother then petitioned for a writ of habeus corpus based on allegations that the father violated the November 2009 order by failing to abide by the holiday schedule and by failing to return the child to her on Sunday evening, December 27, 2009. In January 2010, the mother cross-petitioned for a temporary modification of custody, requesting that "the child exchange not take place at the police station" based on the father's insistence that the custody exchange take place under police supervision. Family Court conducted a hearing in May 2010, at which the mother testified that, on Christmas day, when she attempted to retrieve the child at 3:00 P .M., the father and the child were not home. After driving to the homes of the father's relatives, she eventually returned to his grandmother's house, where the father arrived with the child shortly thereafter. The father testified that, as he attempted to pick up the child out of the car, the mother ran up the driveway, began to scream at him, jumped on his back and grabbed the child's arm. The father further testified that he handed the child to his cousin and called the police, and the child wet his pants as a result of the incident. The mother testified, however, that she attempted to greet the child, whereupon the father grabbed the child and pulled him; as a result, the mother's finger got caught in his grip. After the hearing, Family Court found that the father had violated the November 2009 custody order, but that the violation was not willful or intentional. Family Court also determined that the father should have sole legal and physical custody of the child commencing June 25, 2010, with the mother having parenting time on alternate weekends and each Wednesday afternoon, and holiday parenting time to follow the November 2009 order. The Appellate Division agreed with the mother that Family Court abused its discretion in awarding the father sole legal custody of the child, relief he did not request. Where, as here, neither the petition nor the father's testimony provided the mother with notice that he sought to modify the existing order of joint legal custody it was improper for Family Court to make such a modification. Family Court also failed to make a finding that a change in circumstances had occurred since entry of the November 2009 order and, thus, Family Court erred in modifying that order. Notwithstanding the failure of Family Court to make the threshold determination of a change in circumstances, it was not necessary to remit the matter to Family Court because the courts independent review of the record revealed insufficient evidence to support such a change. Accordingly, Family Court erred in modifying the custody order and the father's petition should have been dismissed.

Award of Maintenance Properly Made Taxable to Wife and Tax Deductible for Husband Where No Rationale Exists "For a Departure from the Norm Envisioned by Current Internal Revenue Code Provisions

In Girgenti v Girgenti, --- N.Y.S.2d ----, 2011 WL 668280 (N.Y.A.D. 2 Dept.) the parties were married on October 21, 1989. They had three children. At the time of the marriage, the defendant (husband) was the sole owner of AVA Pork Products, Inc., a company which distributed meat. Over the years, the husband's business grew. By 2005, the year this action was commenced, he owned several companies bearing the AVA name. At the time of the marriage, the plaintiff (wife) worked as a substitute teacher. Approximately one year later she obtained a full-time teaching position. However, she stopped working in December 1991, shortly before the birth of the parties' first child. Since that time, her teaching license expired. During the marriage, the husband acquired four parcels of real property and placed them under the ownership of several separate corporate entities in which he was the sole shareholder. He sold two of those parcels in 2007, for $535,000 and $300,000, respectively. His corporations continue to own the other two parcels and lease them out. They were appraised at $2,050,000 and $5,900,000. The wife commenced this action for a divorce on November 18, 2005. Prior to the trial, the parties stipulated as to the prices of the parcels which had been sold, as well as to the appraised value of the other two parcels. They also stipulated that, after the commencement of the divorce action, the husband withdrew the sums of $320,000 from the home equity line of credit account (HELOC) and $424,925 from his life insurance policy. Furthermore, the parties stipulated that the wife's position at trial regarding distribution of the husband's business would be that "the value of the AVA business should not be separately distributed," as she was seeking maintenance. After a two-day hearing, the parties were divorced by judgment entered December 22, 2009. The Supreme Court found that the four parcels of real property acquired by the husband during the marriage were not marital property, but were part of the AVA business, and, since the wife had waived her interest in the husband's business, she was not entitled to distribution of these assets. The Supreme Court also found that the money withdrawn from the HELOC and the life insurance policy was subsequently put into the business and, thus, the wife had no claim to these amounts. The wife was awarded, inter alia, 50% of the proceeds from the sale of the marital residence, and approximately $158,223 in cash, retirement accounts, and proceeds from the life insurance policy. She also was awarded maintenance in the sums of $20,000 per month for seven years and $10,000 per month thereafter for four years. The Appellate Divison observed that a stipulation entered into by spouses in contemplation of divorce is a contract subject to general principles of contract construction. Where possible, a contract should be interpreted to avoid inconsistencies and to give meaning to all of its provisions, giving a practical and reasonable interpretation to the language employed and the parties' reasonable expectations with respect thereto. The stipulation should be read as a whole to determine its purpose and intent. Here, the Supreme Court erred in determining that, in the stipulation of facts, the parties intended that the four parcels of real property acquired by the husband during the marriage were part of the AVA business. If the parties had intended that the four parcels of real property should not be distributed to the wife, there would have been no need for them to stipulate as to their respective value. Moreover, had the parties intended to exempt the four parcels from equitable distribution, they could have explicitly said so, just as they had done with regard to the husband's business. Therefore, the wife was entitled to 50% of the proceeds of the two parcels that were sold by the husband, and 50% of the appraised value of the properties currently owned by the husband. This amount included 50% of the proceeds of a mortgage which the husband took out on one of the parcels after the commencement of this action. The wife correctly contended that she was entitled to 50% of the amount that the husband withdrew from the home equity line of credit after the commencement of this action and 50% of the amount that the husband withdrew from his life insurance policy. Since this matrimonial action was commenced on November 18, 2005, $371,519.30 of the 2005 federal and state income tax refunds should have been deemed marital property. The award of maintenance was properly made taxable to the wife and tax deductible for the husband because no rationale exists "for a departure from the norm envisioned by current Internal Revenue Code provisions" (citing Grumet v. Grumet, 37 AD3d 534, 536; see also Markopoulos v. Markopoulos, 274 A.D.2d 457, 459). The Court pointed out that in light of its determination as to equitable distribution, the wife's maintenance award may have to be recalculated but took no position on this issue.

Motions to Enforce the Terms of a Stipulation of Settlement Are Not Subject to Statutes of Limitation

In Bayen v Bayen, --- N.Y.S.2d ----, 2011 WL 668354 (N.Y.A.D. 2 Dept.) the parties were divorced by judgment entered September 10, 1999. The judgment incorporated, but did not merge, the parties' stipulation of settlement. The parties' stipulation provided that the former husband would pay the former wife one half of the present value of his 401(k) pension as of the date of the stipulation, or the sum $41,144.15, pursuant to a Qualified Domestic Relations Order ( QDRO). In 2001 the former wife submitted a proposed QDRO to the Supreme Court, but the Supreme Court did not sign it, finding that it was inconsistent with the terms of the stipulation of settlement. In January 2009 the former wife moved, inter alia, to enforce the provision in the stipulation referable to the former husband's pension, to the extent of directing him to pay her the sum of $41,144.15, plus interest, for her share of his retirement pension or, alternatively, that she be awarded her marital share of the pension pursuant to the Majauskas formula (Majauskas v.. Majauskas, 61 N.Y.2d 481). The Supreme Court denied that branch of the motion, finding that it was time-barred by virtue of the six-year limitations period set forth in CPLR 213(6), applicable to an action based upon a mistake. The Appellate Divison affirmed, but on different grounds. It pointed out that an action to enforce a distributive award in matrimonial action is governed by the six-year statute of limitations set forth in CPLR 213(1) and (2). Contrary to the plaintiff's contention, however, motions to enforce the terms of a stipulation of settlement are not subject to statutes of limitation (citing Fragin v. Fragin, 80 AD3d 725, 2011 N.Y. Slip Op 00485, *1 [2d Dept 2011]; Cotumaccio v. Cotumaccio, 171 A.D.2d 723; but cf. Patricia A.M. v. Eugene W.M., 24 Misc.3d 1012). Nonetheless, the former wife was not entitled to the relief sought, but only to the entry of a QDRO, in compliance with the federal Employee Retirement Income Security Act (29 USC 1001 et seq), that accurately incorporates the terms of the stipulation. In interpreting the stipulation of settlement in a manner so as to give full meaning and effect to its material terms the court should arrive at a construction which will give fair meaning to all of the language employed by the parties to reach a practical interpretation of the expressions of the parties so that their reasonable expectations will be realized. Here, a plain reading of Article V of the stipulation of settlement yields the inescapable conclusion that the former wife agreed to accept, as part of her equitable distribution, the sum of $41,144.15 pursuant to the terms of a QDRO, when the former husband retires from his teaching position. The former husband has yet to retire. Accordingly, the former wife's right to receive this portion of equitable distribution remained inchoate and has not yet vested. Thus, while a request to compel the equitable distribution of the agreed-upon percentage of the former husband's pension pursuant to an ERISA-compliant QDRO was not time-barred, the former wife was not entitled to a present payment of $41,144.15.

"Home State", When Applied to a Child less than Six Months Old, Is Defined as "The State in Which the Child Lived from Birth with Any of the Persons Mentioned

In B.B. v A. B., --- N.Y.S.2d ----, 2011 WL 679324 (N.Y.Sup.) the parties were married on August 18, 2007 in South Lake Tahoe, California. Thereafter, they resided together in Orange County, New York. On November 28, 2010, respondent moved out of the marital residence. She was approximately seven months pregnant at the time. On December 2nd, she filed a family offense petition in Family Court, Orange County and was granted an ex parte Temporary Order of Protection against petitioner. On December 7th, through her attorney, she notified the Family Court that she was withdrawing the family offense petition which had not as yet been served upon plaintiff, and that she was "leaving for the holidays with her family." That same day, she left New York and returned to her parents' home in Alexandria Minnesota. She wrote to plaintiff she would be back by January 1st or 2nd with her parents. Respondent did not return home to the marital residence after the holidays as she had previously indicated. Plaintiff thereupon commenced an action for divorce in this court on January 4, 2011 by filing a Summons with Notice stating "Action for Divorce". Included in the items of relief was an adjudication of custody and visitation as to the yet unborn child. The infant child, F.B. was born on January 29, 2011 in Douglas County Hospital in Alexandria, Minnesota. The Writ of Habeas Corpus was issued by the court on February 1, 2011, and made returnable on February 15th. The writ was adjourned on consent to February 17th, on which date both counsel and plaintiff appeared and oral argument was held. The court waived the appearance of the infant who was only several days old when the writ was issued, and had developed some health issues. In the meanwhile, on February 11th, respondent filed a petition in District Court, Seventh Judicial District, Douglas County, Minnesota, for legal and physical custody, child support, and to schedule parenting time for petitioner. Supreme Court held that a petition for a writ of Habeas Corpus confers subject matter jurisdiction upon this Court to adjudicate the parties' custody dispute when the child is outside the State of New York when the petition was filed. the Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act provides that its provisions are the exclusive jurisdictional basis for making a child custody determination by a court of this state and that physical presence of, or personal jurisdiction over, a party or a child is not necessary or sufficient to make a child custody determination. DRL 76 (subds.2, 3). The court then had to determine whether New York or Minnesota the "home state", as that term is defined in 75-a (7) of Article 5-A of the Domestic Relations Law, popularly known as the Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act. The Court noted that DRL, 75-a (7) defines "home state" as follows: “Home state" means the state in which the child lived with a parent or a person acting as a parent for at least six consecutive months immediately before the commencement of a child custody proceeding. In the case of a child less than six months of age, the term means the state in which the child lived from birth with any of the persons mentioned. A period of temporary absence of any of the mentioned persons is part of the period." The court could not overlook the clear and unambiguous language in DRL 75-a (7) that "home state", when applied to a child less than six months old, is defined as "the state in which the child lived from birth with any of the persons mentioned." The court found, based upon the totality of the circumstances, the infant's "home state" was Minnesota. Petitioner's application for a Writ of Habeas Corpus, requiring the return of the parties' infant child, F.B., born January 29, 2011, from the State of Minnesota to the State of New York, was denied, and the petition dismissed.

Appellate Division Affirms Family Court's Determination That Child's Best Interests Would Be Served by Awarding Sole Custody to Father and Permitting Him to Return with the Child to Their Native Country of Peru

In Matter of Ortega-Bejar v Morante, --- N.Y.S.2d ----, 2011 WL 668110 (N.Y.A.D. 2 Dept.) the mother and the father were married in 2000, and after the birth of the child later that year, they lived together in their native country of Peru. After an altercation with the father in January 2006, the mother left the marital home with the child. In May 2006, during the pendency of a custody proceeding commenced by the father in Peru, the mother took the child to the United States and settled on Long Island with her boyfriend and his family, without informing the father of their whereabouts. In March 2008, after discovering the whereabouts of the mother and the child, and after learning that the mother had, in May 2007, obtained an order from the Family Court, Queens County, awarding her custody of the subject child upon the father's default, the father commenced this proceeding in the same court, seeking custody of the subject child. The Family Court conducted a hearing on the father's petition, at which it heard testimony from the father and the mother, as well as a court-appointed forensic psychologist who, inter alia, interviewed the parties and the subject child and rendered a comprehensive evaluation specifically addressing the impact on the subject child of a change in custody. After the hearing, the Family Court granted the father's petition and, inter alia, awarded him sole custody of the child. The Appellate Divison affirmed. By removing the child from the marital home and relocating to a distant foreign country without informing the father of the subject child's whereabouts, the mother severely interfered with the relationship between the subject child and the father, and thus committed 'an act so inconsistent with the best interests of the child as to per se raise a strong probability that the offending party is unfit to act as a custodial parent. In addition, the parties' testimony-- viewed in light of the Family Court's assessment of their credibility, which is entitled to deference --as well as the testimony of the forensic psychologist, amply supported the Family Court's finding that the father is "far superior [to the mother] as a parent." Accordingly, the Family Court's determination that the subject child's best interests would be served by awarding sole custody to the father and permitting him to return with the child to their native country of Peru was supported by a sound and substantial basis in the record . The portion of the order appealed from addressing the issue of visitation provides that the mother "shall have actual visits as she and the father agree," with such visits to be "therapeutic, supervised, or unsupervised as they agree." Based on the evidence presented at the hearing, including the recommendations of the forensic psychologist, the subject child's best interests would be better served by the establishment of a detailed visitation schedule It remitted the matter to the Family Court for determination of a visitation schedule including, if necessary, a hearing.

Family Court Has the Authority to Modify an Existing Permanency Goal Absent a Specific Request by a Party

In Matter of Jacelyn TT,--- N.Y.S.2d ----, 2011 WL 240161 (N.Y.A.D. 3 Dept) the Appellate Division observed that at the conclusion of a permanency hearing, Family Court is required to make findings and enter an order of disposition "upon the proof adduced ... and in accordance with the best interests and safety of the child" (Family Ct Act 1089 [d] ). Where the court determines that the child is not to be immediately returned to the parent, it must indicate whether the permanency goal for the child "should be approved or modified " (Family Ct Act 1089[d][2][i] ) and may select among various alternatives including, among others, the child's eventual return to the parent or placement for adoption (see Family Ct Act 1089 [d][2][i][A]-[E] ). Notably, Family Ct Act 1089(c)(5)(i) characterizes petitioner's proposed permanency goal as a "recommendation." While the statute does not explicitly permit the court to modify a permanency goal in the absence of an application by one of the parties, it suggests such authority and does not expressly constrain the court from doing so . It concluded that Family Court has the authority to modify an existing permanency goal absent a specific request by a party.


Right to Receive Child Support Belongs to the Custodial Parent, Not to the Child

In Miller v Miller, --- N.Y.S.2d ----, 2011 WL 781377 (N.Y.A.D. 1 Dept.) the Appellate Division observed that the 1975 stipulation pursuant to which plaintiffs claimed entitlement to their deceased father's pension death benefits was superseded by the stipulation entered into between their parents in 1990. The 1990 stipulation was expressly intended "to settle all of the demands, claims, counterclaims, set-offs and defenses in the above-captioned matter [the divorce action], and to settle all disputes, claims, and agreements between the parties, and to once and for all put this matter to rest," and therefore encompassed the parents' ongoing dispute over the father's obligation to name plaintiffs as irrevocable beneficiaries under his pension. Furthermore, the 1990 stipulation provided that it "contain[ed] the entire agreement of the parties and supersede[d] and replace[d] any and all prior agreements or Court Orders previously entered in the above captioned matter." Thus, it was clear that the parents intended to replace the 1975 stipulation with the 1990 stipulation. In noted that in any event, the pension death benefits that the father promised plaintiffs when they were young children were his active service benefits, which would have been payable only if he had died before retiring. When he retired in 2001, he applied for "Option II" post-retirement death benefits, which entitled him to reduced payments during his lifetime and payments in the same amount for his designated beneficiary after his death for the remainder of the beneficiary's life (see Administrative Code of City of N.Y. 13-558). The Teachers Retirement System was obligated by law to honor his choice of beneficiary (see id.; see generally Matter of Creveling v. Teachers' Retirement Bd., 255 N.Y. 364, 372-373 [1931] ). Plaintiffs contended that their parents had no authority to extinguish the father's obligation, originally agreed to in the 1975 stipulation, to name them as irrevocable beneficiaries without their consent. To the extent they claimed entitlement to the benefits as third-party beneficiaries of a child support obligation embodied in the 1975 stipulation, their argument failed because the right to receive child support belongs to the custodial parent, not to the child ( citing Kendall v. Kendall, 200 App.Div. 702 [1922] ). To the extent they claimed entitlement to the benefits as third-party beneficiaries of non-support obligations under the 1975 stipulation, their argument failed because they had no right to enforce a superseded agreement--even one superseded without their consent--when the benefit they seek to enforce had not yet vested before the agreement was modified and the superseded agreement did not prohibit its modification.

Cruel and Inhuman Treatment Divorce Affirmed Based upon Pattern of Emotional Neglect, Dominion and Control Which Endangered Plaintiff's Mental Well-being

In Bennett v Bennett, --- N.Y.S.2d ----, 2011 WL 722261 (N.Y.A.D. 3 Dept.) the parties were married in 1980 and had six children. Plaintiff left the marital residence in May 2004 and commenced this action for divorce in October 2006. Following a bench trial, Supreme Court granted plaintiff a divorce on the ground of cruel and inhuman treatment. The Appellate Divison affirmed. It observed that action for divorce on the basis of cruel and inhuman treatment requires a showing of serious misconduct and, with a long-standing marriage, a high degree of proof showing a pattern of cruel and inhuman treatment affecting the plaintiff's physical or mental health such that continued cohabitation would be unsafe or improper. Supreme Court, as the trier of fact, has broad discretion in determining whether a spouse's conduct rises to the level of cruel and inhuman treatment and its factual determinations and assessment of witness credibility are entitled to great deference. As such, the court's determination will not be lightly overturned on appeal. The credible evidence adduced at trial revealed that plaintiff was subjected to authoritarian, demeaning and controlling treatment by defendant throughout their 26-year marriage. According to plaintiff's detailed and uncontradicted testimony, defendant enforced a strict, hierarchical structure of the household and expected her to be fully submissive to him. Defendant's conduct also included calling plaintiff names, isolating her from family and friends, undermining her authority as a parent, ridiculing and making disparaging comments about her and her physical appearance in front of the children, and preventing her from leaving the marital residence by, among other things, disabling the family vehicle. Moreover, defendant refused to engage in sexual relations with plaintiff for several years prior to her leaving the marital residence in 2004. Plaintiff offered evidence, which Supreme Court deemed credible, that defendant's conduct caused her to feel disrespected, emotionally broken-down, depressed and to have suicidal thoughts. She also vacated the marital residence on more than one occasion due to defendant's conduct and, ultimately, sought counseling. In light of this proof, there was a sufficient basis for Supreme Court's conclusion that defendant engaged in a pattern of emotional neglect, dominion and control which endangered plaintiff's mental well-being, thereby rendering it improper for her to continue to cohabit with him.

Failure to File a Current Statement of Net Worth Does Not Render Cross Motion for Enforcement Defective as Determination of Arrears Does Not Implicate Plaintiff's Financial Circumstances

In Shachnow v Shafer,--- N.Y.S.2d ----, 2011 WL 722403 (N.Y.A.D. 1 Dept.) the Appellate Division affirmed an order which denied defendant wife's application for an upward modification of basic child support under the parties' settlement agreement, reallocated the parties' future responsibilities for certain add-on expenses, denied defendant's request for child support arrears and attorney's fees, and granted plaintiff husband's cross motion for child support arrears to the extent of directing defendant to pay plaintiff the sum of $48,445.41 for tuition payments made by plaintiff on defendant's behalf. It held that the court properly granted plaintiff's cross motion for arrears for the child's private school tuition owed by defendant under the separation agreement. Plaintiff's failure to file a current statement of net worth did not render the cross motion defective as determination of the amount of arrears does not implicate plaintiff's financial circumstances. In addition, defendant's admitted receipt of multiple notices of default sent by plaintiff contradicted her claim that plaintiff waived his right to defendant's contribution of 50% toward the child's private school tuition. It also found that Defendant had not demonstrated that the child's diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder following execution of the parties' separation agreement resulted in medical and educational expenses that impacted defendant's ability to meet the needs of the child, and defendant failed to make a prima facie showing that a substantial, "unanticipated and unreasonable change in circumstances had occurred resulting in a concomitant need" such that an upward modification in child support is warranted (citing Merl v. Merl, 67 N.Y.2d 359, 362 [1986] ). In the absence of evidence that the child's needs are not being met, a hearing is unnecessary.

Support Magistrate Has No Authority to Hear Case When Respondent Raised Visitation as a Defense

In Matter of Barney v Van Auken, 916 N.Y.S.2d 533 (3d Dept 2011) Petitioner and respondent were the parents of a daughter. Upon turning 18 in November 2008, the child left respondent's home where she had resided as per a 2004 custody order and moved in with petitioner. Her reasons for leaving respondent's home included his disapproval of her 26-year-old boyfriend. In May 2009, petitioner commenced a proceeding seeking child support. Respondent asserted as defenses that petitioner had acted to alienate the child from him, the child was emancipated, and the child had abandoned her relationship with him. The Support Magistrate rejected respondent's defenses and directed that he pay $170 biweekly child support. Family Court denied respondent's objections. The Appellate Divison reversed. One of the issues that [Support Magistrates] are not empowered to hear and determine is contested visitation, which includes visitation as a defense, alleged here as an abandonment. Although the Support Magistrate had authority to issue a temporary order of support (see Family Ct. Act 439[c] ), when respondent raised visitation as a defense, the matter should have been immediately referred to Family Court for resolution of such issue




Fourth Department Holds That Matter of Oswego County Support Collection Unit v. Richards Should No Longer Be Followed.

In Matter of Huard v Lugo, --- N.Y.S.2d ----, 2011 WL 455295 (N.Y.A.D. 4 Dept.) Respondent father appealed from an order confirming the determination of the Support Magistrate that he willfully violated an order of child support and sentencing him to a term of incarceration of 90 days. The father contended that the Support Magistrate erred in allowing him to proceed pro se at the fact-finding hearing. The Appellate Divison noted that the father did not file any objections to the Support Magistrate's order. In Matter of Oswego County Support Collection Unit v. Richards (305 A.D.2d 1101, lv denied 100 N.Y.2d 637), it determined that, because the respondent failed to file objections to the Hearing Examiner's order finding willfulness and recommending commitment pursuant to Family Court Act 439 (former [e] ), he "waiv[ed] his right to appellate review of the finding of a willful violation. Section 439(e), however, was revised in 2004 by providing that a determination of willful violation of a support order where commitment is recommended does not constitute a final order. A determination by a support magistrate that a person is in willful violation of a support order and recommending commitment has no force and effect until confirmed by a Judge of the Family Court Such a determination by a support magistrate does not constitute a final order to which a party may file written objections. A party's "sole remedy" is to appeal from the final order of Family Court (Dakin, 75 AD3d at 640). It held that to the extent that Matter of Oswego County Support Collection Unit v. Richards required a party to file objections in order to preserve a contention regarding such a determination, it should no longer be followed. The Court concluded however, that the father failed to preserve his contention for review under the "normal rules of preservation" because he failed to raise it before Family Court at the confirmation proceeding, where he was represented by counsel. In any event, it found that the father's contention lacked merit.

Equitable Distribution Law (Domestic Relations Law 236[b] ) Not Applicable to a Stipulation of Settlement Entered During Proceedings Pursuant to MHL Article 81

In Matter of Donald LL,--- N.Y.S.2d ----, 2011 WL 458711 (N.Y.A.D. 4 Dept.) the Appellate Division held that the Equitable Distribution Law (Domestic Relations Law 236[B] ) is not applicable to a stipulation of settlement, entered during proceedings pursuant to article 81 of the Mental Hygiene Law, that divides property in a manner similar to equitable distribution but does not involve the dissolution of a marriage. Donald L.L. (defendant) and his wife, the person for whom plaintiff was, inter alia, appointed guardian ( defendant's wife), were married in 1966. In May 2005, defendant's wife suffered a stroke that caused severe brain damage and left her unable to care for herself. Defendant was also in poor health and not capable of caring for his wife. Thus, defendant's wife lived in the home of plaintiff, who provided 24-hour care for defendant's wife. In October 2007, defendant commenced a proceeding pursuant to Mental Hygiene Law article 81, seeking, inter alia, an order naming the Catholic Family Center as the guardian of his wife's person and property. Plaintiff cross-petitioned for an order naming himself as guardian of defendant's wife and her property. During proceedings in Supreme Court on January 24, 2008, plaintiff and defendant entered into an oral stipulation of settlement whereby plaintiff would be named the guardian of the person and property of defendant's wife, which the court converted into an order naming plaintiff as the guardian. With plaintiff acting as guardian of defendant's wife, plaintiff and defendant immediately entered into a second oral stipulation of settlement whereby defendant and his wife would live separately, with defendant having the right to visitation. Plaintiff and defendant further stipulated, inter alia, that the marital property of defendant and his wife would be divided between them and that defendant would make weekly "maintenance and support" payments to his wife. The second stipulation included the following statement: "[Plaintiff and defendant] would like to stipulate to settle issues of property settlement and spousal support in the nature of an opting[-]out agreement as the same is provided for under the Domestic Relations Law. [They] do not intend to make this a divorce proceeding but would like [the stipulation] to serve as their agreement as to the issues ... set forth [herein] and to that extent would also like to sign a written adoption of the oral stipulation." After the terms of the second oral stipulation were read into the record, plaintiff and defendant signed a written adoption of the oral stipulation. In an order and judgment entered April 21, 2008, the court, inter alia, determined that defendant's wife was an incapacitated person, appointed plaintiff as the guardian of the person and property of defendant's wife and incorporated by reference the terms of the stipulation of settlement. In September 2008, plaintiff commenced am action seeking to enforce the stipulation of settlement with respect to the "maintenance and support" payments by defendant and to void various allegedly fraudulent transfers between defendant and defendant Patricia Fitzgerald. Plaintiff moved for, inter alia, a preliminary injunction enjoining defendants from "dealing" with any of their property pending resolution of the action. Defendants cross-moved for, inter alia, an order vacating and setting aside the stipulation of settlement. In an order entered January 28, 2009, the court denied the motion and cross motion. On Appeal the Defendants contended that the court erred in granting relief in the form of equitable distribution without conducting a hearing on the economic issues between defendant and his wife. The Appellate Division rejected that contention inasmuch as those economic issues were resolved by the stipulation of settlement. Furthermore, the record demonstrated that the stipulation of settlement was the product of extensive negotiations conducted after full disclosure of economic information. Therefore, there was no need to remit the matter for the resolution of economic issues. It held that the Equitable Distribution Law does not require a different result. Domestic Relations Law 236(B) is "applicable to actions for an annulment or dissolution of a marriage, for a divorce, for a separation, for a declaration of the nullity of a void marriage" and other similar actions (236[B][2][a] ). Thus, the concept of equitable distribution is written into the laws of the State so as to apply only in certain cases involving the abrogation of the marital status.. In the absence of an action for the abrogation of the marital status, a court cannot "hold [a party] liable to [another party] ... solely on the basis of equitable distribution" (Yedvarb, 92 A.D.2d at 592). Here, however, the court did not hold any party liable solely on the basis of equitable distribution because plaintiff, as the guardian of defendant's wife, and defendant resolved all economic issues through a negotiated settlement agreement that included an explicit statement that defendant and his wife were not divorcing. Therefore, the Equitable Distribution Law was not applicable to this case. In light of the determination, it did not address defendants' contention that the written adoption of the stipulation of settlement did not meet the requirements of Domestic Relations Law 236(B)(3).



To Establish That an Family Offense Has Occurred Does Not Require Proof Beyond a Reasonable Doubt Unless the Remedy to Be Imposed Is Punitive

In Matter of Schneider v Arata, --- N.Y.S.2d ----, 2011 WL 337962 (N.Y.A.D. 2 Dept.) the Appellate Division observed that Family offense proceedings, in general, provide for remedies that are civil in nature and to establish that an offense has occurred does not require proof beyond a reasonable doubt unless the remedy to be imposed is punitive. The respondent's acquittal of the criminal charge related to the same conduct alleged in the family offense petition does not have res judicata effect with respect to the family offense proceeding, as the acquittal did not decide an identical issue material to the petition. Accordingly, the Family Court erred in dismissing the petition on this basis. Likewise, the constitutional protection against double jeopardy presents no bar to the family offense proceeding, as no punitive remedy is sought therein. As the record was insufficient to permit the Court to determine whether the parties had an intimate relationship within the meaning of Family Court Act 821(1)(e) the matter was remitted to the Family Court for a hearing to determine whether the Family Court has subject matter jurisdiction under Family Court Act 812(1)(e) and, if so, whether a family offense had been committed.

Family Ct Act 413(1)(G) Does Not Limit the Accrual of Arrears During Relevant Period Absent Respondent's Affirmative Request for and Successfully Obtaining Relief from Original Order

In Matter of Madison County Commissioner of Social Services v Felker, --- N.Y.S.2d ----, 2011 WL 240138 (N.Y.A.D. 3 Dept.) Pursuant to a May 2007 order Respondent father was obligated to pay the child's mother, Mary Chafee, $25 per week in child support. The order noted that respondent, though unemployed at that time, had held full-time employment in the past and was "healthy and capable of working." Since entry of that order, respondent never paid support as required therein. In December 2008, petitioner commenced a violation proceeding on behalf of Chafee. A Support Magistrate found respondent in willful violation of the support order and recommended a sentence of incarceration be imposed if he did not begin to make regular payments in accordance with the May 2007 order. The Support Magistrate entered a money judgment directing payment of $3,325 in arrears. Following a confirmation hearing held in accordance with Family Ct Act 439(a), Family Court confirmed the finding that respondent had willfully failed to obey the support order and ordered that respondent be incarcerated for 180 days unless he purged himself of the contempt by payment of the arrears--which then totaled $3,650--in their entirety. The Appellate Division affirmed. While respondent testified that he was indigent and earned no income since the issuance of the May 2007 order due to his inability to obtain work, he did not provide any competent evidence of either a physical or mental condition prohibiting him from earning income. Although he also claimed that he had unsuccessfully applied for numerous jobs since entry of the May 2007 order, he failed to provide documentation of his alleged job search and his testimony was not credited. Respondent also admitted that, although he was ordered to attend the career center and the Worker Parents Initiative, he failed to follow-up with attendance after his initial meeting. The Appellate Division rejected Respondent’s contention that Family Court erred in failing to cap his arrears at $500 pursuant to Family Ct Act 413(1)(g) because his income was below the federal poverty guidelines. While respondent testified that he continued to be unemployed and was attempting to apply for public assistance, if he wished to "invoke the cap on arrears provided by Family Ct Act 413(1)(g), his remedy was to make an application to modify, set aside or vacate the earlier order". Respondent admitted that he has never sought a modification of the May 2007 order of support. Thus, inasmuch as Family Ct Act s 413(1)(g) will not limit the accrual of arrears during the relevant period absent respondent's affirmative request for and successfully obtaining relief from the original order (Matter of Cortland County Dept. of Social Servs. v. VanLoan, 77 AD3d at 1136; see Family Ct Act s 451; see also Matter of Moore v. Abban, 72 AD3d at 973; Matter of Martinez v. Torres, 26 AD3d 496, 497 [2006] ), the court did not err in confirming the Support Magistrate's determination.

Absent Amendment Order of Protection May Not Be Based Upon Post-Petition Incidents

In Matter of Ungar v Ungar, --- N.Y.S.2d ----, 2011 WL 256559 (N.Y.A.D. 2 Dept.) petitioner (son) filed a family offense petition dated September 19, 2008, against the appellant (father). The petition alleged harassment and that the most recent incident had occurred on September 11, 2008. The Family Court issued a temporary order of protection and thereafter denied the father's motion to dismiss the petition. On February 9, 2010, a fact-finding hearing was held and the Family Court heard testimony from both the son and the father. The Family Court granted the petition and issued an order of protection against the father, based, in part, upon a post-petition incident purportedly occurring in October 2008. The Appellate Division held that as the son specifically acknowledged that the petition had not been amended, the Family Court improperly issued the order of protection based, in part, upon allegations of acts that occurred in October 2008 (citing Matter of Czop v. Czop, 21 AD3d 958, 959; Matter of Cavanaugh v. Madden, 298 A.D.2d 390; Matter of Whittemore v. Lloyd, 266 A.D.2d 305). Considering the other allegations set forth in the petition, the testimony proffered at the hearing before the Family Court failed to establish, by a preponderance of the evidence, the necessary elements of the offenses of harassment in the first degree or harassment in the second degree. Since the record did not support the Family Court's determination that the father committed family offenses warranting the issuance of the order of protection, the order of protection was reversed, the petition denied, and the proceeding dismissed (see Family Ct Act 841).

Supreme Court Grants Declaratory Judgment Dissolving Vermont Civil Union

In Parker v Waronker, --- N.Y.S.2d ----, 2010 WL 5653528 (N.Y.Sup.) the matter was commenced as an action for divorce on April 16, 2010. The defendant filed and served an affidavit consenting to the relief requested. After reviewing the submissions of the parties, the Court, on its own motion, elected to convert the action to one for declaratory relief and the defendant submitted written consent to such relief. The Court found that the parties were two female adults who entered into a civil union in the State of Vermont on June 18, 2004. Such civil unions are authorized in that State under Vt Stat Ann, Tit 15, s 1201. In the years that followed, their relationship deteriorated to the point that the defendant left their mutual residence on June 30, 2007, and the parties have lived apart since that time. The plaintiff was a resident of the State of New York. The defendant was a resident of the State of Ohio. The resumption of their relationship as a civil union was not reasonably probable. The parties were preluded from obtaining a dissolution of their civil union in the State of Vermont because neither party was currently a resident of Vermont as required by Vermont Law. See Vt Stat Ann, Tit 15, s 592. There were no children born of this relationship. Both parties waived any claims for any ancillary relief. The Court pointed out that in Dickerson v. Thompson, 73 AD3d 52 (3d Dept 2010), the Court held that the Supreme Court has subject matter jurisdiction over an action for declaratory and equitable relief seeking dissolution of a civil union validly entered into in another state. The decision was based on principles of comity and the emerging public policy of the State of New York to protect the rights of individuals in same sex relationships in a variety of contexts. The Court in Dickerson v. Thompson, supra, left undecided, however, the issue of what relief could be afforded to the litigants in such an action, concluding its opinion with the comment that "our conclusion that subject matter jurisdiction exists does not in any way determine the ultimate question of what, if any, relief is available on the merits." Having concluded that it had jurisdiction to determine whether this civil union should be dissolved, the court found that plaintiff demonstrated grounds for such dissolution under the applicable Vermont Statutes. Vt Stat Ann, Tit 15, s 1206 provides, inter alia, that "the dissolution of civil unions shall follow the same procedures and be subject to the same substantive rights and obligations that are involved in the dissolution of marriage in accordance with chapter 11 of this title...." Vt. Stat Ann, Tit 15 s 551 provides that "(a) divorce from the bond of matrimony may be decreed: ... (7) When a married person has lived apart from his or her spouse for six consecutive months and the court finds that the resumption of marital relations is not reasonably probable. As this Court made a finding that the parties lived apart for a period of more than six consecutive months and that the resumption of this civil union was not reasonably probable, as a matter of law the plaintiff was entitled to a judgment dissolving the civil union entered into by the parties on June 18, 2004.

Family Court Has Authority to Modify an Existing Permanency Goal Absent Specific Request by a Party

In Matter of Jacelyn TT,--- N.Y.S.2d ----, 2011 WL 240161 (N.Y.A.D. 3 Dept.) Petitioner initiated proceedings seeking continuation of placement. Family Court held a permanency hearing at which petitioner and the mother agreed that placement of the children should continue, with a goal of return to a parent. Carlton TT. (the father) appeared but presented no evidence and did not seek custody. In two subsequent permanency hearing orders pertaining solely to Jacelyn TT. and Sasha TT., the court continued placement of the children but modified the goal of their permanency plans from reunification to placement for adoption. The mother appealed from both orders and the father appeals only from the order relating to Jacelyn TT. (the child). The father argues that Family Court abused its discretion by modifying the permanency goal without any request from the parties. The Appellate Division disagreed. It observed that at the conclusion of a permanency hearing, Family Court is required to make findings and enter an order of disposition "upon the proof adduced . . . and in accordance with the best interests and safety of the child" (Family Ct Act 1089 [d] ). Where the court determines that the child is not to be immediately returned to the parent, it must indicate whether the permanency goal for the child "should be approved or modified " (Family Ct Act 1089[d][2][i] ) and may select among various alternatives including, among others, the child's eventual return to the parent or placement for adoption (see Family Ct Act 1089 [d][2][i][A]-[E] ). Notably, Family Ct Act 1089(c)(5)(i) characterizes petitioners’ proposed permanency goal as a "recommendation." While the statute does not explicitly permit the court to modify a permanency goal in the absence of an application by one of the parties, it suggests such authority and does not expressly constrain the court from doing so. It concluded that Family Court has the authority to modify an existing permanency goal absent a specific request by a party. It also concluded that Family Court's determination was supported by a sound and substantial basis in the record.